It stores automatic learned memories, such as tying a shoe, playing an instrument or riding a bicycle. Procedural memory is processed in the cerebellum, which transmits the information to the basal ganglia. It contains personal memories as well as facts and figures. This memory has unlimited content and capacity for unlimited duration. Long-term memory is processed in the hippocampus of the temporal lobe and is activated when you want to memorize something for a longer time. It also intervenes during reading, to memorize the sentence you have just read, so that the next one makes sense. For example, it allows you to dial a phone number that someone has just told you. It stores information for about one minute and its capacity is limited to about 7 items. Short-term memory, also called working memory, is produced in the prefrontal cortex. The hippocampus is responsible for encoding long-term memory. The prefrontal cortex briefly stores recent events in short-term memory. The brain has to pay attention and rehearse in order for an event to move from short-term to long-term memory, which is called encoding. Different types of memory involve different areas of the brain. Memory is a complex process involving three phases: encoding (deciding what information is important), storage and recall. He can emit speech sounds, but has difficulty understanding speech and is therefore unaware of his errors. The individual may speak in long meaningless sentences, add unnecessary words and even create new words. Damage to this area causes Wernicke’s aphasia. Wernicke’s area: located in the left temporal lobe. The person can still read and understand spoken language, but has difficulty speaking and writing (i.e., forming letters and words, not writing inside the lines), which is called Broca’s aphasia. If this area is damaged, the person may have difficulty moving the tongue or facial muscles to produce speech sounds. The type of aphasia depends on the damaged brain area.īroca’s area: located in the left frontal lobe. Left-handed people may need special tests to determine whether their speech center is on the left or right side prior to any surgical intervention in that area.Īphasia is a language impairment affecting speech production, comprehension, reading or writing due to brain injury, most often from stroke or trauma. In about one-third of left-handed people, speech function may be located on the right side of the brain. The right hemisphere plays an important role in the interpretation of visual information and spatial processing In general, the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for language and speech and is referred to as the “dominant” hemisphere. This system includes the cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, amygdala (emotional reactions) and hippocampus (memory). Limbic system: is the center of our emotions, learning and memory. These nuclei work with the cerebellum to coordinate fine movements, such as fingertip movements. It is involved in pain sensation, attention, alertness and memory.īasal ganglia: includes the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus. Thalamus: the cortex: serves as a relay station for almost all information going to and from the cortex. Helps regulate the body’s internal clock and circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin. Pineal gland: located behind the third ventricle. It secretes hormones that control sexual development, promote bone and muscle growth, and respond to stress. Known as the “master gland,” it controls other endocrine glands in the body. The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by the pituitary stalk. Pituitary gland: located in a small pocket of bone at the base of the skull called the sella turcica. It also regulates body temperature, blood pressure, emotions and hormone secretion. It is involved in the control of behaviors such as hunger, thirst, sleep and sexual response. Hypothalamus: the right lobe of the brain: is located in the floor of the third ventricle and is the main control of the autonomic system. Messages can travel from one gyrus to another, from one lobe to another, from one side of the brain to another, and to structures deep in the brain. Pathways called white matter tracts connect areas of the cortex to other areas.
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